1. Old Valyrian Translator Online
2. Valyrian Dictionary
3. Old Valyrian Language Translator

Father translation in English-High Valyrian dictionary. (Christianity) any of about 70 theologians in the period from the 2nd to the 7th century whose writing established and confirmed official church doctrine; in the Roman Catholic Church some were later declared saints and became Doctor of the Church; the best known Latin Church Fathers are Ambrose, Augustine, Gregory the Great, and Jerome. High Valyrian Vocabulary List. A note about the IPA pronunciation guides here. The pronunciation of v and j can vary significantly (between v and w, and between j, ʒ, dʒ and ɟ respectively). They are simply transcribed here as v and ɟ for the sake of convenience; this should not be taken as strictly accurate. The word itself. Dracarys is a word from High Valyrian, the language spoken by the people of Old Valyria who the Targaryens are descended from. It was originally a well-known language but mostly. Linguist David J. Peterson created Dothraki and Valyrian languages for the TV series. Here you can find translators for Game of Thrones Languages Dothraki and Valyrian. Some of the characters and terms mentioned here may be trademarks of HBO / Time Warner.

Valyria
Ruined city
Location	Valyrian peninsula, Essos
Government	Dragonlords , Valyrian Freehold (freeborn landholders).
Religion	Mixed religions
Founded	At least five thousand years ago.
Destroyed	102 BC, in the Doom of Valyria
Organizations	Faceless Men

Old Valyrian Translator Online

Convert from English to Valyrian. The Valyrian languages are a fictional language family in the A Song of Ice and Fire series of fantasy novels by George R. Martin, and in their television adaptation Game of Thrones. For the TV series, linguist David J. Peterson created the High Valyrian language, as well as the derivative language Astapori Valyrian, based on the fragments given in the novels.

Valyria, also called Old Valyria, is a ruined city in Essos. It is a long-dead city of wonderment, and was once the capital of a great empire called the Valyrian Freehold. It was destroyed by a cataclysmic event known as the Doom of Valyria a century before Aegon's Landing. It is the ancestral home of House Targaryen, House Celtigar, and House Velaryon.^[1]

• 5Recent Events

Valyrian Dictionary

Location

Valyria was on the Valyrian peninsula, which extended into the Summer Sea.^[2][3] The Doom of Valyria shattered the peninsula, separating the city of Valyria from the Lands of the Long Summer by the Smoking Sea. The city of Valyria is at the center of the largest surviving island, surrounded by cliffs where the island has broken away from the mainland. Valyria was connected by dragon roads to surrounding cities, such as Tyria.^[4]

Architecture

Valyria is said to have had topless towers^[5] and used sphinxes as decorations.^[6]

Culture

A common racial characteristic among Valyrians appears to have been purple eyes and hair of silver-gold or platinum white. Valyria is said to still hold many treasures from before the Doom, such as Valyrian steel blades and items of magical power. It is said that the glass candles of Oldtown were brought there from Valyria a thousand years before the Doom.

History

Old Valyrian Language Translator

Valyria was ruled by its dragonlords, led by two score rival houses that contested for power. House Targaryen, however, was not considered a powerful house.^[7] At times the lords freeholder elected archons for temporary leadership.^[8]

The Valyrians were more than dragonlords. They practised blood magic and other dark arts, delving deep into the earth for secrets and twisting the flesh of beasts and men to fashion monstrous and unnatural chimeras. It is believed that for these sins the gods in their wroth struck Valyria down.^[9]

The Valyrians' empire, the Valyrian Freehold, first conquered the Old Empire of Ghis to the east across Slaver's Bay, and the Ghiscari colonies in the Basilisk Isles and Sothoryos. Seeking slaves for Valyrian mines, they then conquered and established colonies to the west and north after defeating the Andals and the Rhoynar in Essos.

Four hundred years ago, however, Valyria and its peninsula were shattered by the Doom of Valyria.^[10] The dragonlord Aurion declared himself Emperor of Valyria, but he and his host disappeared while trying to reclaim the city.^[11]

In 55AC, Princess Aerea Targaryen claimed Balerion as her mount, and disappeared for more than a year, before reappearing in King's Landing in 56AC. Grand Maester Benifer and Barth found her to be infested with 'horrors' which burned her from the inside out and killed her, erupting from her body as 'worms with faces', 'snakes with hands' and other monstrosities. Balerion was also found to bear wounds and scars seemingly received during their absence. These observations led Barth to the conclusion that Balerion, uncontrollable by an inexperienced rider such as Aerea, flew her to his original home of Valyria, where he was born before the Doom and the flight of the Targaryens; these 'horrors' that infested Aerea, he supposed to be remnants of Valyrian experiments with blood magic. After these events it was declared forbidden for any ship suspected to have visited Valyria to dock in Westeros, or for any inhabitant of Westeros to travel to Valyria.^[12]

Some years ago Gerion Lannister journeyed to Valyria to try to recover Brightroar, the lost Valyrian steel sword of House Lannister, and any other treasures that might have survived the Doom. He did not return and was presumed lost at sea.^[13] At some point the tigers, a political party in Volantis, sent a fleet to reclaim Valyria, but the ships vanished in the Smoking Sea.^[14]

Recent Events

A Feast for Crows

Euron Greyjoy claims to have visited Valyria and recovered the dragon hornDragonbinder,^[15] but Lord Rodrik Harlaw is skeptical of Euron's boasting.^[16]

Quotes

Petyr: Is there a man in your service that you trust utterly and completely?

Eddard: Yes.

Petyr: In that case, I have a delightful palace in Valyria that I would dearly love to sell you. The wiser answer was no, my lord, but be that as it may.^[17]

Euron: I am the storm, my lord. The first storm, and the last. I have taken the Silence on longer voyages than this, and ones far more hazardous. Have you forgotten? I have sailed the Smoking Sea and seen Valyria.

Rodrik: Have you?

Euron: Reader, you would do well to keep your nose in your books.^[16]

Moqorro: The sky is always red above Valyria, Hugor Hill.

Tyrion: Are we close?
Moqorro: Closer than the crew would like. Do you know the stories, in your Sunset Kingdoms?

Tyrion: I know some sailors say that any man who lays eyes upon that coast is doomed.^[18]

At its apex Valyria was the greatest city in the known world, the center of civilization. Within its shining walls, twoscore rival houses vied for power and glory in court and council, rising and falling in an endless, subtle, oft savage struggle for dominance.^[7]

It's safe to say that the Targaryens were the only nobles with dragons who escaped the destruction of Valyria.^[19]

See also

References

1. ↑A Game of Thrones, Chapter 3, Daenerys I.
2. ↑A Storm of Swords, Map of Slaver's Bay
3. ↑A Game of Thrones, Appendix.
4. ↑The Lands of Ice and Fire.
5. ↑A Game of Thrones, Chapter 34, Catelyn VI.
6. ↑A Game of Thrones, Chapter 20, Eddard IV.
7. ↑ ^7.07.1The World of Ice & Fire, The Reign of the Dragons: The Conquest.
8. ↑The World of Ice & Fire, Ancient History: The Rise of Valyria.
9. ↑Fire & Blood, Jaehaerys and Alysanne - Their Triumphs and Tragedies.
10. ↑A Dance with Dragons, Chapter 5, Tyrion II.
11. ↑The World of Ice & Fire, Ancient History: The Doom of Valyria.
12. ↑Fire & Blood, Jaehaerys and Alysanne - Their Triumphs and Tragedies.
13. ↑A Storm of Swords, Chapter 32, Tyrion IV.
14. ↑A Dance with Dragons, Chapter 14, Tyrion IV.
15. ↑A Feast for Crows, Chapter 19, The Drowned Man.
16. ↑ ^16.016.1A Feast for Crows, Chapter 29, The Reaver.
17. ↑A Game of Thrones, Chapter 25, Eddard V.
18. ↑A Dance with Dragons, Chapter 33, Tyrion VIII.
19. ↑So Spake Martin: Asshai.com Interview in Barcelona, July 28, 2012.

This page uses content from the English Wikipedia. The original content was at Across the narrow sea. The list of authors can be seen in the page history of Across the narrow sea. As with A Wiki of Ice and Fire, the content of Wikipedia is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License.

Cities and ruined cities in the Known World Westeros Essos The Free Cities The Rhoyne Central Essos and the Dothraki Sea Lyber† Vaes Athjikhari† Vaes Diaf† Vaes Efe† Vaes Graddakh† Vaes Jini† Vaes Khadokh† Vaes Khewo† Vaes Leisi† Vaes Leqse† Vaes Mejhah† Vojjor Samui† Yalli Qamayi† Ibben Valyria Oros† Rhyos† Tyria† Valyria† Slaver's Bay Bhorash† Ghozai† Old Ghis† Velos† Lhazar The Red Waste Adakhakileki† Vaes Orvik† Vaes Qosar† Vaes Shirosi† Vaes Tolorro† The Further East Si Qo† The Shadow Lands Legendary cities of the Further East Sothoryos Gogossos† Gorosh† Yeen† Zamettar† Summer Islands Summer and Jade Seas

Valyrian Freehold
Freehold
Capital	Valyria
Type of Government	Freehold
Ruler	Valyrian freeholders
Religion	Mixed
Destroyed	102 BC, the Doom of Valyria[1]
Succeeded by	Free Cities Mantarys Tolos Elyria Meereen Yunkai Astapor Gogossos Lordship of Dragonstone
Notable places	Valyria Fourteen Flames
Notable organizations	Dragonlords Faceless Men Bearded priests

The Valyrian Freehold was a great territory that spanned much of the continent of Essos, but has since fallen to ruin, approximately one hundred years before Aegon's Conquest, when it was brought down by a cataclysmic event known as the Doom of Valyria.

At its prime, the Valyrian Freehold encompassed most of the eastern continent and reached as far as the current Free Cities and the island of Dragonstone off the coast of Westeros. The Freehold was technically never an empire,^[2] however for ease of reference it tends to be referred to as one.

The Freehold was an advanced civilization, and the dominant military and cultural power of the known world. Its capital was the city Valyria. The Freehold was ruled by the lords freeholder, powerful noble families. The most powerful of these were the dragonlords.

• 1History
• 3People and Culture

History

Origin

According to a semi-canon source, ancient Valyria was a civilization of humble shepherds who discovered dragons in the Fourteen Flames, a ring of volcanoes on the Valyrian peninsula.^[3] Valyrian stories claim that dragons originated in their lands, although tales from Asshai claim the beasts were brought to Valyria from the Shadow Lands.^[4] The Valyrians tamed the dragons with magic—taught by a vanished people from the Shadow Lands according to the Asshai'i^[4]—and mastered the technique of raising and training the dragons into devastating weapons of war.^[5]

They began expanding their influence, establishing the Freehold with the city of Valyria as its capital. Magic flowered, topless towers^[6] rose toward the heavens where dragons soared, stone Valyrian sphinxes gazed down through eyes of garnet,^[7] and smiths used spells to forge Valyrian steel weapons of legendary strength and sharpness.^[8][9]

Rise to Power and the Fall of Ghis

Some five thousand years ago, in the early days of Valyria, the Old Empire of Ghis dominated and controlled much of Essos. The Ghiscari attempted to stop Valyria's expansion and the burgeoning freehold was involved in a series of great wars against the Old Empire. The Ghiscari lockstep legions attacked Valyria five times, but they could never defeat them - with the help of dragons, Valyria was able to defend and emerge victorious each time.

Finally, in the last of the Ghiscari wars, the Valyrians marched on their capital, Old Ghis, razed it to the ground, and sowed its fields with salt, sulfur, and skulls,^[10] obliterating it and thereby destroying the Old Empire of Ghis. Adopting slavery from Ghis, Valyria expanded its influence over the surviving Ghiscari colonies of Slaver's Bay, and continued to conquer and colonize further.

Western Expansion

The Valyrian Freehold continued to expand and conquer further west, capturing many slaves from conquered lands and using them to mine great wealth from the Fourteen Flames, as well as build great cities and roadways that led to Valyria.

For many years the Valyrians were at peace with the Rhoynar civilization of the Rhoyne, west of the Valyrian peninsula. From the colonial freehold of Volantis, the Valyrians instead crossed the Rhoyne and marched west to wage war on the Andals of Andalos. Rather than be enslaved by Valyria, the Andals crossed the narrow sea and invaded Westeros.^[11] The Valyrians overwhelmed the remaining Andals of western Essos and established colonies west of their peninsula.

The Valyrians are believed to have travelled as far as Oldtown, predating the arrival of the First Men and trading with the elderraces, according to Jellicoe. SeptonBarth also claimed Valyrians came to Westeros because their priests prophesied that the Doom of Man would come out of the land beyond the narrow sea.^[12]. ArchmaesterPerestan speculates some tragedy or mishap fell upon them and led them to shun Westeros ever after.^[13]

Rhoynish Wars

The Rhoynish Wars were a series of wars fought between the city-states of the Rhoynar and colonies of the Valyrian Freehold between ~950 BC and 700 BC.^[14][15] They are described in Beldecar's History of the Rhoynish Wars.^[16]

The wars were concluded in the Second Spice War, when the Valyrian colony Volantis turned its eyes to the ancient and high civilization of the Rhoynar. Prince Garin of Chroyane led an army of a 250,000 men and defeated the Valyrian armies at Selhorys, Valysar, and Volon Therys, where they won their greatest victory by defeating an army of a hundred thousand men and killing two dragons in the process.^[14]

However, the Valyrians responded with an overwhelming force of three hundred dragons, capturing Garin the Great and burning the Rhoynish armies. Princess Nymeria of Ny Sar led the exodus of the remaining Rhoynar out of Essos, eventually arriving in Dorne. The singers say her ten thousand ships were filled with women and children, suggesting most of the men of fighting age had died in the conflict with the Freehold.^[14]

Valyrian Imperialism

At the height of its power, the Freehold stretched over most of Essos west of the Bone Mountains. Many of the numerous cities were connected by dragon roads.^[17]

The Free Cities, the self-ruling daughters of Valyria, are spread throughout western Essos. Volantis^[18] and Tyrosh^[19] began as military outposts, while Myr^[19] and Pentos^[20] were founded by merchants in Andal territory. Dragonlords established Lys as a pleasure retreat.^[19] Religious refugees founded Lorath,^[21]Norvos,^[22] and Qohor.^[23]Essaria was founded as a colony near the Kingdom of Sarnor.^[24]Braavos was founded by slaves who rebelled against a Valyrian slaving fleet, and this Secret City did not accept the rule of Valyria.^[25]

Other cities and towns founded or conquered by the Freehold were governed by archons from Valyria. The Valyrian peninsula contained Oros and Tyria.^[17] Near Volantis were built Selhorys, Volon Therys, and Valysar.^[26] South of the Painted Mountains were Bhorash, Mantarys, and Tolos, while located in Slaver's Bay were Velos on the Isle of Cedars and Elyria.

The greatest remnants of the Old Empire of Ghis were Astapor, Meereen, and Yunkai. Other Ghiscari settlements were Ghozai on the Isle of Cedars, Ghardaq, and what are now Vaes Efe and Vaes Mejhah.^[27] It is unknown if New Ghis, located south of ruined Old Ghis, owed allegiance to Valyria.

South of the Summer Sea, the Freehold controlled Gorgossos on the Isle of Tears^[28] and also had three failed colonies at Basilisk Point in Sothoryos.^[29]

Valyrian cities of unknown location included Aquos Dhaen, Draconys, Mhysa Faer, and Rhyos.^[30] Among the ruined cities of the Rhoynar were Ar Noy, Chroyane, Ghoyan Drohe, Ny Sar, Sar Mell,^[31] and Sarhoy.^[14]

Dragonstone

Some two centuries before the Doom, the Valyrian Freehold colonized the island of Dragonstone in the narrow sea and established a citadel there, with ineffective resistance from the local lords of Blackwater Bay. The island was the westernmost outpost of the Freehold.^[32][33]

In 114 BC, Daenys Targaryen, the maiden daughter of Aenar Targaryen, had a vision of the destruction of Valyria. House Targaryen abandoned their homeland for Dragonstone, an act seen by other dragonlords as cowardice.^[34] Nearby Driftmark had already been settled by House Velaryon, a lesser Valyrian family,^[35] and Claw Isle became ruled by the Valyrian Celtigars.^[1]

Doom of Valyria

The Doom of Valyria was a cataclysmic event in 102 BC, after which the city Valyria was utterly destroyed and the Valyrian Freehold crumbled and was no more. The Doom fragmented the land surrounding the city itself into numerous smaller islands, creating the Smoking Sea between them.^[36][37] The area is now described as 'demon-haunted', and most people are afraid to go there, as all known expeditions to the shattered peninsula has ended up in failure. Hence the quote, 'The Doom still rules in Valyria.'^[38][39]

With Valyrian leadership destroyed, the lands outside of the peninsula fell into chaos in the ensuing Century of Blood, which saw the rise of the Free Cities. Essaria, the 'Lost Free City', was reduced to ruins by the Dothraki,^[24] while Gorgossos, the 'Tenth Free City', was abandoned after the Red Death plague.^[28]

Legacy

At its apex, the Freehold's capital, Valyria, was the greatest city in the known world, the center of civilization. Most of Valyria's culture, language, and craft was lost in the Doom, which was followed by the Century of Blood. Valyrian descendants scattered across the world, many across the surviving Valyrian colonies, the Free Cities, and across the cities of Slaver's Bay. Many of the surviving Valyrians intermarried and became mixed with other peoples. Their descendants speak in various local dialects of Valyrian.^[10][40]

Valyria is remembered for its ability to raise and command dragons and using them as weapons of war. This was demonstrated by the Targaryens, the last of the known Valyrian dragonlords, who used that knowledge to conquer and rule the Seven Kingdoms.^[41] Valyria is also remembered for forging weapons made of Valyrian steel, a magical alloy used to make weapons of unparalleled quality. The secret of forging such metal was apparently lost with Valyria, making those remaining weapons highly treasured and extremely rare.^[42]

People and Culture

Valyrians are famous for having silver-gold hair and violet-purple eyes, characteristics not found amongst any other peoples of the world. This can vary from white to silver-gold to blond hair, and from lilac, to deep purple, and pale blue eyes. The most noble of Valyrians were considered strikingly, some say inhumanly,^[41] beautiful.^[43]

The Valyrian nobility valued purity of blood. Therefore, the practice of incest was common in old Valyria,^[44] as the Valyrians would customarily wed brother to sister.^[41] These practices were not limited to the Freehold; on Dragonstone the Targaryens continued to practice incestuous marriage and polygamy to keep the dragon bloodline pure.

The language Valyrians spoke was High Valyrian.

Religion

The Valyrians had a number of different gods, including Balerion, Meraxes, Vhagar, and Syrax.^{[45][46][47][48]}

According to some scholars, the dragonlords regarded all faiths as equally false, and looked down on clergy and temples as relics of more primitive times but useful to placate the lower classes with promises of a better life to come after death. Thus, they promoted religious tolerance in order to keep their subjects divided, and prevent them from unifying under the banner of a single god.^[22]

Magic

The people of Valyria were very strong in magic, and they would use their powerful wizards and their dragons in conjunction with their armies to conquer most of Essos west of the Bone Mountains. Dragons were controlled by whips, magic horns, and sorcery.

Governance

The Freehold of Valyria at the zenith of its power was neither a kingdom nor an empire, or at least it had neither a king nor an emperor.^[2] Instead, all freeholders, or freeborn landowners, had a say in its governance.

In practice, however, the Freehold was ruled by the lords freeholder, powerful noble families. They were forty families of great wealth, high birth, and strong sorcerous ability, those families which controlled and rode dragons in battle, who came to dominate, were known as dragonlords.^[4][2] The Targaryens were one of these dragon houses.

Architectural works

The Valyrians had great skill in shaping stone. It is often said that the old wizards of Valyria did not cut and chisel stone, but worked it with fire and magic as a potter might work clay,^[49] although much of their knowledge is now lost. Valyrians had a powerful magic which could liquefy stone and shape it how they wanted.^[50]Valyrian roads, known as dragon roads, still exist as monuments to their work^[51][52] as do the castle of Dragonstone, and the Black Wall and Long Bridge of Volantis.

Slavery

One practice the Valyrians adopted from their wars with the Old Empire of Ghis was slavery.^[53] The Valyrians used thousands of slaves from across the continent in the blisteringly hot mines underneath the Fourteen Flames to find gold and silver. Slave revolts were common in the mines, but the Valyrians were strong in sorcery and were able to put them down. When there was war, the Valyrians took thousands of slaves, and when there was peace they bred them.^[5] As the power of the Freehold grew, so did its hunger for ore, and the dragonlords led many conquests to keep the mines full with slaves. It is said so many perished, toiling in the Valyrian mines, that the number was so large as to surely defy comprehension.^[53]

Books and Scrolls about Valyria

• The Fires of the Freehold - Galendro’s history of Valyria

Quotes

Valyria was the last ember, and Valyria is gone.^[54]

Old Ghis ruled an empire when the Valyrians were still fucking sheep, and we are the sons of the harpy.^[10]

All Valyrian sorcery was rooted in blood or fire. The sorcerers of the Freehold could see across mountains, seas, and deserts with one of these glass candles. They could enter a man's dreams and give him visions, and speak to one another half a world apart, seated before their candles.^[55]

The proudest city in all the world was gone in an instant, its fabled empire vanished in a day, the Lands of the Long Summer scorched and drowned and blighted. An empire built on blood and fire. The Valyrians reaped the seed they had sown.^[56]}

Influences

It is possible that the titanic clashes between Valyria and Old Empire of Ghis are inspired by the Punic Wars between Rome and Carthage over control of the Mediterranean. Valyria's advanced technology and magic, as well as the Doom, may be inspired by the legends of Atlantis.

References

1. ↑ ^1.01.1The World of Ice & Fire, The Reign of the Dragons: The Conquest.
2. ↑ ^2.02.12.2So Spake Martin: SF, Targaryens, Valyria, Sansa, Martells, and More (June 26, 2001)
3. ↑A Song of Ice and Fire Roleplaying.
4. ↑ ^4.04.14.2The World of Ice & Fire, Ancient History: The Rise of Valyria.
5. ↑ ^5.05.1A Feast for Crows, Chapter 22, Arya II.
6. ↑A Game of Thrones, Chapter 34, Catelyn VI.
7. ↑A Game of Thrones, Chapter 20, Eddard IV.
8. ↑A Game of Thrones, Chapter 1, Bran I.
9. ↑A Game of Thrones, Chapter 2, Catelyn I.
10. ↑ ^10.010.110.2A Storm of Swords, Chapter 23, Daenerys II.
11. ↑The World of Ice & Fire, Ancient History: The Arrival of the Andals.
12. ↑The World of Ice & Fire, The Reach: Oldtown.
13. ↑The World of Ice & Fire, The Westerlands.
14. ↑ ^{14.014.114.214.3}The World of Ice & Fire, Ancient History: Ten Thousand Ships.
15. ↑See the Rhoynish Wars calculations
16. ↑A Storm of Swords, Chapter 12, Tyrion II.
17. ↑ ^17.017.1The Lands of Ice and Fire, Central Essos.
18. ↑The World of Ice & Fire, The Free Cities: Volantis.
19. ↑ ^19.019.119.2The World of Ice & Fire, The Free Cities: The Quarrelsome Daughters: Myr, Lys, and Tyrosh.
20. ↑The World of Ice & Fire, The Free Cities: Pentos.
21. ↑The World of Ice & Fire, The Free Cities: Lorath.
22. ↑ ^22.022.1The World of Ice & Fire, The Free Cities: Norvos.
23. ↑The World of Ice & Fire, The Free Cities: Qohor.
24. ↑ ^24.024.1The World of Ice & Fire, Beyond the Free Cities: The Grasslands.
25. ↑The World of Ice & Fire, The Free Cities: Braavos.
26. ↑A Dance with Dragons, Chapter 18, Tyrion V.
27. ↑George R. R. Martin's A World of Ice and Fire.
28. ↑ ^28.028.1The World of Ice & Fire, Beyond the Free Cities: The Basilisk Isles.
29. ↑The World of Ice & Fire, Beyond the Free Cities: Sothoryos.
30. ↑The World of Ice & Fire, The Free Cities.
31. ↑The Lands of Ice and Fire, The Free Cities.
32. ↑A Dance with Dragons, Chapter 5, Tyrion II.
33. ↑The World of Ice & Fire, Ancient History: The Doom of Valyria.
34. ↑The World of Ice & Fire, The Reign of the Dragons: The Conquqest.
35. ↑The World of Ice & Fire, The Targaryen Kings: Jaehaerys I.
36. ↑A Game of Thrones, Chapter 41, Jon V.
37. ↑A Game of Thrones RPG and Resource Book, Guardians of Order
38. ↑A Storm of Swords, Chapter 8, Daenerys I.
39. ↑A Feast for Crows, Chapter 28, Cersei VI.
40. ↑A Dance with Dragons, Chapter 1, Tyrion I.
41. ↑ ^41.041.141.2A Game of Thrones, Appendix.
42. ↑A Storm of Swords, Chapter 32, Tyrion IV.
43. ↑A Feast for Crows, Chapter 21, The Queenmaker.
44. ↑A Clash of Kings, Chapter 33, Catelyn IV.
45. ↑A Game of Thrones, Chapter 13, Tyrion II.
46. ↑A Clash of Kings, Chapter 12, Daenerys I.
47. ↑A Storm of Swords, Chapter 57, Daenerys V.
48. ↑The Rogue Prince.
49. ↑A Storm of Swords, Chapter 54, Davos V.
50. ↑So Spake Martin: Chicon 7 Reading (September 02, 2012)
51. ↑A Game of Thrones, Chapter 23, Daenerys III.
52. ↑A Dance with Dragons, Chapter 6, The Merchant's Man.
53. ↑ ^53.053.1A Dance with Dragons, Chapter 59, The Discarded Knight.
54. ↑A Clash of Kings, Chapter 28, Bran IV.
55. ↑A Feast for Crows, Chapter 45, Samwell V.
56. ↑A Dance with Dragons, Chapter 33, Tyrion VIII.